PEPTIDEREPORT

Source registry

Tracked sources

The source registry keeps citation metadata separate from page copy so claims can be audited and refreshed.

Warning Letter: Gram Peptides

U.S. Food and Drug Administration · Primary regulatory · 2026-03-31 · accessed 2026-06-30

FDA warning letter discussing peptide products marketed online and the limits of research-use-only positioning.

Retatrutide for Obesity — A Phase 2 Trial

New England Journal of Medicine · Peer reviewed · 2023-06-26 · accessed 2026-07-01

Phase 2 randomized trial of retatrutide (LY3437943), a triple GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor agonist, showing dose-dependent weight loss up to 17.5% at 48 weeks in adults with obesity.

TRIUMPH Phase 3 Trial Program for Retatrutide — ClinicalTrials.gov

ClinicalTrials.gov / U.S. National Library of Medicine · Primary regulatory · 2023-07-01 · accessed 2026-07-01

ClinicalTrials.gov registry entry for the TRIUMPH Phase 3 trial program evaluating retatrutide for obesity, sponsored by Eli Lilly. Retatrutide is not FDA-approved for any indication.

Dr. Explains Why Retatrutide is KING of Fat Loss Peptides

YouTube — This Is Not Covered - Dr. Ashley Froese · Community discussion · 2026-03-05 · accessed 2026-07-01

High-view (600K+ views) YouTube explainer using strong outcome language about retatrutide for fat loss. Tracked as a media signal for high-attention claims.

Egrifta (tesamorelin) — FDA Drug Label

U.S. Food and Drug Administration · Primary regulatory · 2010-06-18 · accessed 2026-07-01

FDA-approved drug label for Egrifta (tesamorelin for injection), indicated for the reduction of excess visceral abdominal fat in HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy. The only GHRH/GHS-class peptide with FDA approval.

Tesamorelin Clinical Trial Registry Entries — ClinicalTrials.gov

ClinicalTrials.gov / U.S. National Library of Medicine · Primary regulatory · 2010-01-01 · accessed 2026-07-01

ClinicalTrials.gov registry entries for tesamorelin clinical trials, including the pivotal Phase 3 trials for HIV-associated lipodystrophy that supported FDA approval of Egrifta.

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of CJC-1295, a Long-Acting GHRH Analog

Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (PubMed) · Peer reviewed · 2006-05-01 · accessed 2026-07-01

Teichman et al. (2006) pharmacokinetic study (PMID 16569233) showing that CJC-1295 increased GH and IGF-1 levels in healthy subjects for up to 6 days after a single dose. The primary published human data for CJC-1295.

Ipamorelin, the First Selective Growth Hormone Secretagogue — Pharmacology

European Journal of Endocrinology (PubMed) · Peer reviewed · 1998-12-01 · accessed 2026-07-01

Raun et al. (1998) original pharmacology publication (PMID 9860070) describing ipamorelin as a pentapeptide growth hormone secretagogue with selectivity for GH release over cortisol and prolactin in animal models.

Oral Ghrelin Mimetic MK-677 Stimulates Pulsatile GH Secretion

Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (PubMed) · Peer reviewed · 2000-02-01 · accessed 2026-07-01

Svensson et al. (2000) study (PMID 10674575) demonstrating that oral MK-677 replicated the pulsatile GH profile seen with IV secretagogues in healthy older adults, with sustained IGF-1 increases over 4 weeks.

A 12-Month Study of the GH-Releasing Compound MK-677 in Hip Fracture Recovery

Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (PubMed) · Peer reviewed · 2002-03-01 · accessed 2026-07-01

Bach et al. (2002) 12-month Phase 2 trial (PMID 12004295) showing MK-677 improved functional status in elderly patients with hip fracture. Despite positive pharmacodynamic data, Merck did not advance MK-677 to FDA approval.

MK-677 Hip Fracture Recovery Trial — ClinicalTrials.gov

ClinicalTrials.gov / U.S. National Library of Medicine · Primary regulatory · 2009-11-01 · accessed 2026-07-01

ClinicalTrials.gov registry entry (NCT01016781) for the MK-677 hip fracture recovery trial sponsored by Merck. MK-677 is not FDA-approved for any indication.

Sermorelin (Geref) for Diagnosis of Growth Hormone Deficiency

PubMed — National Library of Medicine · Peer reviewed · 1997-01-01 · accessed 2026-07-01

PubMed index of clinical literature on sermorelin (Geref) for diagnostic testing of growth hormone deficiency in pediatric patients. Sermorelin was formerly FDA-approved as Geref; the brand product has been discontinued by the manufacturer.

Rapamune (sirolimus) Label Information

U.S. Food and Drug Administration · Primary regulatory · 2023-09-01 · accessed 2026-07-01

FDA-approved prescribing label for Rapamune (sirolimus), indicated for prophylaxis of organ rejection in kidney transplant patients and for the treatment of lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM).

NCA 2023 Poster Abstract: Rapamycin Use in an Aging Human Population

National Council on Aging (NCA) / scientific conference · Community discussion · 2023-07-01 · accessed 2026-07-01

Survey-based study reporting that a cohort of adults self-administering low-dose rapamycin for longevity showed self-reported tolerability, generating significant biohacking community interest.

mTOR inhibition improves immune function in the elderly

Science Translational Medicine · Peer reviewed · 2014-12-24 · accessed 2026-07-01

Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Mannick et al.) showing that low-dose rapamycin analog (everolimus) improved immune response to influenza vaccine in older adults, providing early human translational evidence.

Outlive: The Science and Art of Longevity (discusses rapamycin)

Harmony / Penguin Random House (Peter Attia, MD) · Community discussion · 2023-03-28 · accessed 2026-07-01

Bestselling longevity book by Peter Attia, MD, which discusses rapamycin as a candidate longevity therapeutic while noting the gap between mouse data and human clinical evidence.

Blueprint by Bryan Johnson — longevity protocol

Blueprint by Bryan Johnson · Community discussion · 2024-01-01 · accessed 2026-07-01

Bryan Johnson's public Blueprint longevity program, which has discussed and at times included rapamycin. Tracked as a high-attention consumer signal.

GLUCOPHAGE (metformin hydrochloride) Label Information

U.S. Food and Drug Administration · Primary regulatory · 2017-01-01 · accessed 2026-07-01

FDA-approved prescribing label for Glucophage (metformin hydrochloride), indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults and children with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Targeting Aging with Metformin (TAME) — ClinicalTrials.gov

ClinicalTrials.gov / U.S. National Library of Medicine · Primary regulatory · 2015-05-04 · accessed 2026-07-01

ClinicalTrials.gov registry entry for the TAME (Targeting Aging with Metformin) trial, a multi-center study investigating whether metformin can delay the onset of age-related diseases in non-diabetic adults.

Metformin as a Tool to Target Aging (TAME concept article)

Cell Metabolism / Elsevier · Peer reviewed · 2016-09-13 · accessed 2026-07-01

Nir Barzilai and colleagues outline the scientific rationale and design of the TAME trial, arguing that metformin's AMPK-activating, insulin-sensitizing effects make it a candidate to target aging biology.

Metformin and aging: A clinical review

Aging and Disease / Metabolism reviews · Peer reviewed · 2021-01-01 · accessed 2026-07-01

Clinical review summarizing metformin's proposed mechanisms (AMPK activation, mTOR inhibition, insulin sensitization) and the evidence base for and against its use as a geroprotective agent.

NAD+ and sirtuins in aging and disease (review)

Trends in Pharmacological Sciences / Cell Press · Peer reviewed · 2010-04-01 · accessed 2026-07-01

Foundational review (Imai & Guarente) describing how NAD+ links metabolism to sirtuin activity, and proposing NAD+ decline as a driver of aging biology.

NAD+ in aging, metabolism, and neurodegeneration

Science / AAAS · Peer reviewed · 2016-01-22 · accessed 2026-07-01

High-profile review (Verdin et al., including David Sinclair as a co-author) describing the decline of NAD+ with age and the rationale for supplementation with precursors (NR, NMN).

FDA GRAS Notice No. 733 — Nicotinamide Riboside (NR)

U.S. Food and Drug Administration · Primary regulatory · 2016-07-11 · accessed 2026-07-01

FDA GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) notice response for nicotinamide riboside (NR) chloride, the ingredient in Tru Niagen, supporting its use as a dietary supplement ingredient.

FDA response to NMN DSHEA exclusion question

U.S. Food and Drug Administration · Primary regulatory · 2022-11-02 · accessed 2026-07-01

FDA determination that NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) is excluded from the dietary supplement definition under DSHEA because it was first authorized for investigation as a new drug. This triggered marketplace disruption for NMN supplements.

ClinicalTrials.gov search — Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) human trials

ClinicalTrials.gov / U.S. National Library of Medicine · Primary regulatory · 2026-07-01 · accessed 2026-07-01

ClinicalTrials.gov search showing registered interventional trials of NMN in human subjects, including studies of NAD+ biomarkers, insulin sensitivity, and physical function in older adults.

Thymosin Alpha-1 Clinical Trial Registry Entries — ClinicalTrials.gov

ClinicalTrials.gov / U.S. National Library of Medicine · Primary regulatory · 2026-07-01 · accessed 2026-07-01

ClinicalTrials.gov registry search showing 100+ interventional studies of thymosin alpha-1 across infectious disease, oncology, and immune support contexts, including COVID-19 trials.

Immune Modulation with Thymosin Alpha 1

Expert Review of Clinical Immunology (PubMed) · Peer reviewed · 2016-05-01 · accessed 2026-07-01

King R, Tuthill C (2016) comprehensive review (PMID 26653168) of thymosin alpha-1's immune-modulating mechanism, clinical development history, and therapeutic applications including hepatitis, oncology, and sepsis.

Zadaxin (thymosin alpha-1) Product Information

SciClone Pharmaceuticals · Primary regulatory · 2026-07-01 · accessed 2026-07-01

SciClone Pharmaceuticals product information for Zadaxin (thymosin alpha-1), approved in over 30 countries for chronic hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and immune adjuvant use. Not FDA-approved in the United States.

Little Peptide, Big Effects: Defining New Roles for LL-37 in Autoimmunity

Journal of Immunology (PubMed) · Peer reviewed · 2013-08-01 · accessed 2026-07-01

Kahlenberg JM, Kaplan MJ (2013) review (PMID 23836012) of LL-37's dual role in innate immunity and autoimmunity, describing both protective antimicrobial effects and pro-inflammatory potential in autoimmune disease.

LL-37 Clinical Trial Registry Entries — ClinicalTrials.gov

ClinicalTrials.gov / U.S. National Library of Medicine · Primary regulatory · 2026-07-01 · accessed 2026-07-01

ClinicalTrials.gov registry search for interventional studies involving LL-37/cathelicidin, showing limited clinical trial activity. LL-37 is not FDA-approved for any indication.

AOD-9604 Clinical Trial Registry Entries — ClinicalTrials.gov

ClinicalTrials.gov / U.S. National Library of Medicine · Primary regulatory · 2026-07-01 · accessed 2026-07-01

ClinicalTrials.gov registry search for AOD-9604 clinical trials, including the Phase 2 obesity program by Metabolic Pharmaceuticals that failed to meet primary weight loss endpoints. AOD-9604 is not FDA-approved.

Effects of DSIP on sleep in humans — clinical sleep studies

PubMed / NCBI · Peer reviewed · 1984-01-01 · accessed 2026-07-03

Clinical studies of delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) in human sleep, dating to the 1970s-1980s, with mixed and inconclusive results. The DSIP clinical literature is old and has not been advanced with modern trials.

Epitalon and geroprotective peptides — review of anti-aging claims

PubMed / NCBI · Peer reviewed · 2020-01-01 · accessed 2026-07-03

Reviews of Epitalon and related peptides in the context of aging biology, noting that telomerase and longevity claims rest on preclinical data from limited research groups without large-scale human clinical trials.

GHK-Cu: A Human Skin Repair Peptide — Pickart et al. review

PubMed / NCBI · Peer reviewed · 2012-01-01 · accessed 2026-07-03

Pickart et al. (2012) comprehensive review of GHK-Cu (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper complex) as a bioactive peptide with wound healing, skin repair, and anti-inflammatory properties, citing both in vitro and clinical cosmetic evidence.

The human skin repair peptide GHK-Cu and wound healing activity

PubMed / NCBI · Peer reviewed · 2014-01-01 · accessed 2026-07-03

Reviews and studies of GHK-Cu in wound healing contexts, describing its modulation of multiple gene pathways related to tissue repair, collagen synthesis, and anti-inflammatory responses. Primarily preclinical and cosmetic research.

Semax: cognitive and attention effects in clinical and preclinical studies

PubMed / NCBI · Peer reviewed · 2006-01-01 · accessed 2026-07-03

Russian-language clinical and preclinical publications on Semax (a heptapeptide ACTH analog) describing cognitive and attention-enhancing effects. Studies are primarily from Russian institutions and lack independent Western replication.

Compounding Quality Act: Sections 503A and 503B of the FD&C Act

U.S. Food and Drug Administration · Primary regulatory · 2013-11-27 · accessed 2026-07-08

FDA overview of the Drug Quality and Security Act (DQSA), which established sections 503A (traditional compounding pharmacies, state-regulated) and 503B (outsourcing facilities, FDA-registered, cGMP) of the FD&C Act, defining different regulatory requirements for each compounding category.

FDA Warning Letters to Peptide Sellers — Enforcement Database

U.S. Food and Drug Administration · Primary regulatory · 2026-07-08 · accessed 2026-07-08

FDA warning letters database showing enforcement actions against online peptide sellers who market products as research-use-only while making therapeutic claims, providing dosing guidance, or implying human use. Includes warning letters to Gram Peptides and others in the peptide space.

FDA MedWatch: Safety Information and Adverse Event Reporting Program

U.S. Food and Drug Administration · Primary regulatory · 2026-07-08 · accessed 2026-07-08

FDA's MedWatch program for reporting adverse events, product quality problems, and medication errors related to FDA-regulated products including compounded drugs. Voluntary for consumers, mandatory for certain healthcare entities. There is no equivalent reporting system for RUO-sourced products.

Tirzepatide and Semaglutide for Obesity in Adults (SURMOUNT-5)

New England Journal of Medicine · Peer reviewed · 2024-12-04 · accessed 2026-07-08

Head-to-head Phase 3 trial (Garvey et al., 2024) directly comparing tirzepatide and semaglutide for weight loss in adults with obesity. Reported greater mean weight loss with tirzepatide (approximately 20.9%) than semaglutide (approximately 17.3%) at 72 weeks.

USP Monograph: Bacteriostatic Water for Injection

United States Pharmacopeia (USP) · Primary regulatory · 2020-01-01 · accessed 2026-07-08

USP monograph defining Bacteriostatic Water for Injection as sterile water for injection containing 0.9% benzyl alcohol as a bacteriostatic preservative, intended for multi-dose use after initial entry.

Bacteriostatic Water for Injection — FDA Drug Label (Hospira/Pfizer)

U.S. Food and Drug Administration · Primary regulatory · 2010-01-01 · accessed 2026-07-08

FDA-approved drug label for Bacteriostatic Water for Injection (Hospira), containing 0.9% benzyl alcohol as a preservative, labeled for multi-dose use and not for neonatal use due to benzyl alcohol toxicity risk.

Sterile Water for Injection — FDA Drug Label

U.S. Food and Drug Administration · Primary regulatory · 2009-01-01 · accessed 2026-07-08

FDA-approved drug label for Sterile Water for Injection, a single-dose, preservative-free sterile water product intended for dilution only, with no bacteriostatic agent and therefore limited to single-use after opening.

FDA Safety Notice: Benzyl Alcohol Toxicity in Neonates ('Gasping Syndrome')

U.S. Food and Drug Administration · Primary regulatory · 2026-07-08 · accessed 2026-07-08

FDA safety notice warning that benzyl alcohol, the preservative in bacteriostatic water, can cause fatal 'gasping syndrome' in neonates and premature infants. Bacteriostatic water is contraindicated in newborns.

CDC Injection Safety: Multi-Dose Vial Best Practices

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention · Primary regulatory · 2026-01-01 · accessed 2026-07-08

CDC guidance on the safe handling of multi-dose vials, including the 28-day discard rule for opened multi-dose vials, storage temperature, and contamination risk reduction practices.

Drug Scheduling — DEA Diversion Control Division

U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration · Primary regulatory · 2026-01-01 · accessed 2026-07-08

DEA overview of the Controlled Substances Act schedules (I through V), describing how substances are classified based on accepted medical use and potential for abuse. Most peptides are not scheduled under the CSA, but state analogue statutes may apply in specific cases.

National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP) — State Boards Directory

National Association of Boards of Pharmacy · Primary regulatory · 2026-01-01 · accessed 2026-07-08

NABP directory and overview of state boards of pharmacy, the state-level regulatory bodies that license pharmacies, regulate compounding under Section 503A, set sterile compounding standards, and enforce state pharmacy law.

Syringe Services Programs — CDC

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention · Primary regulatory · 2026-01-01 · accessed 2026-07-08

CDC resource on syringe services programs and state-level syringe/needle access laws, including summaries of state regulations governing possession of syringes and needles.

Telehealth Policy — Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)

U.S. Health Resources and Services Administration · Primary regulatory · 2026-01-01 · accessed 2026-07-08

HRSA telehealth policy overview covering federal and state telehealth regulations, including state-level variation in telehealth prescribing authority, provider licensure requirements, and prescriber-patient relationship rules.

FDA: Human Drug Compounding — State and Federal Roles

U.S. Food and Drug Administration · Primary regulatory · 2026-01-01 · accessed 2026-07-08

FDA overview of the compounding regulatory framework describing the division of authority between federal and state regulators — the FDA regulates 503B outsourcing facilities while state boards of pharmacy primarily regulate 503A traditional compounding pharmacies.